According to a recent report from ATTOM, a leading provider of property data and analytics, 13 housing markets in California, primarily inland, are facing a higher risk of decline compared to other parts of the nation. These markets are experiencing a confluence of challenges, including affordability issues, underwater mortgages, and higher-than-average unemployment rates. Let's delve into the details to understand this concerning trend.
I've been following the real estate market for a while now, and the findings in this report, based on Q3 2024 data, have certainly raised some eyebrows within the industry. It's important to understand that this doesn't necessarily mean that these areas are headed for an immediate crash, but rather that they are more susceptible to potential downturns compared to other regions. While we've seen remarkable growth across the country in the past decade, there are pockets of vulnerability that could be exposed as market conditions change.
California Housing Crisis: 13 Markets at High Risk of Decline
Understanding the Risk Factors
ATTOM's report identifies counties that are more or less at risk based on a variety of factors, including:
- Home Affordability: The percentage of average local wages required to cover major home ownership expenses (mortgage, property taxes, and insurance).
- Underwater Mortgages: The percentage of homeowners who owe more on their mortgage than their home is currently worth.
- Foreclosures: The rate of foreclosure filings in a given area.
- Unemployment: The local unemployment rate, as a measure of economic health.
The report ranks counties based on these factors, combining them into a composite score that helps paint a more comprehensive picture of each market's vulnerability. Counties with the lowest composite scores are deemed most at-risk, while those with the highest are deemed least at-risk.
California's Inland Markets: A Closer Look
The housing markets in California that were flagged as being most at-risk in the report are mostly located inland, away from the coastal areas that have historically seen more robust growth. Let's take a look at the 13 counties highlighted in California:
- Butte County (Chico)
- Contra Costa County (outside Oakland)
- El Dorado County (outside Sacramento)
- Humboldt County (Eureka)
- Solano County (outside Sacramento)
- Kern County (Bakersfield)
- Kings County (outside Fresno)
- Madera County (outside Fresno)
- Merced County
- San Joaquin County (Stockton)
- Stanislas County (Modesto)
- Riverside County
- San Bernardino County
These areas have experienced a surge in housing costs in recent years, but wage growth hasn't kept pace. As a result, home ownership is becoming increasingly unaffordable for many residents. In addition, some of these areas also have relatively high rates of underwater mortgages and foreclosures, further contributing to their vulnerability.
Let's Illustrate with an Example
Take, for example, Merced County. It had a very high unemployment rate of 9.1% as of August 2024. Also, the major home ownership costs (mortgage, property taxes, and insurance) consumed a significant portion of average local wages. This means that many residents are struggling to make ends meet, and a slight shift in economic conditions could lead to more difficulties in the housing market.
Other Vulnerable Markets
It's worth noting that California isn't the only state with areas that are facing elevated risk. In fact, some other regions around the country, including parts of New Jersey, Illinois, and Florida, also appear on ATTOM's list of vulnerable counties. It seems that areas with substantial challenges related to affordability, unemployment, and underwater mortgages are more vulnerable to housing market troubles.
Let's look at a few other markets facing the risks:
- New York City: Areas within and surrounding New York City, including Kings County (Brooklyn) and New York County (Manhattan) faced high affordability hurdles, where ownership expenses required more than 100% of the average local wages.
- Chicago: Cook, Kane, Kendall, McHenry, and Will counties in Illinois experienced a mix of high affordability costs and a significant percentage of mortgages underwater.
- New Jersey: Essex, Passaic, and Sussex counties, which are suburbs of New York City, faced challenges similar to New York City with high affordability and some mortgages underwater.
The Role of Affordability
One of the key drivers of vulnerability in these housing markets in California and elsewhere is affordability. Home prices have been rising steadily for many years, outpacing wage gains in many areas. For example, the median home price in the United States was $350,000 in Q3 2024, with the average household making about $75,000 annually. The situation has been exacerbated by increasing interest rates, which have made borrowing more expensive, leading to a rise in mortgage payments.
I've seen this trend firsthand in my own work. Many potential homebuyers are struggling to secure financing, and existing homeowners are grappling with rising costs. In some cases, it has become almost impossible for young people or first-time buyers to enter the housing market. The lack of affordability is a major contributor to the vulnerability of these markets, as it creates a situation where any economic downturn could push many into financial distress.
Impact of Underwater Mortgages
Another crucial factor that impacts the vulnerability of these markets is the prevalence of underwater mortgages. An underwater mortgage means that the borrower owes more on the loan than the house is currently worth. This can create a situation where homeowners are less likely to make timely payments if they fall on hard times, or they might even be forced to sell their homes at a loss, which can contribute to a further decline in property values. The increase in underwater mortgages is very concerning and could make these markets more vulnerable to housing market fluctuations.
Foreclosures and Unemployment
Foreclosures and unemployment also play a role in these risks. Higher foreclosure rates can further depress property values, impacting the neighborhoods and affecting investor confidence. And, higher unemployment rates mean that more homeowners are more susceptible to falling behind on mortgage payments or losing their homes to foreclosure. The combination of high unemployment and a significant number of homes underwater means that these markets are more vulnerable to housing market troubles.
The South: A Haven of Stability?
While certain parts of the country face considerable risk, other areas appear to be more resilient. ATTOM's report notes that markets in the South have a lower concentration of at-risk counties. States like Tennessee, Wisconsin, and Virginia had a higher concentration of the least-at-risk counties, based on the various factors assessed by ATTOM.
This stability is likely due to a combination of factors, including more affordable housing, lower unemployment rates, and a slower pace of appreciation in home prices.
What Does This Mean for the Future?
The data from ATTOM paints a picture of a housing market that is facing a combination of challenges. While the nation has enjoyed a period of strong growth, there are underlying vulnerabilities that could come to the surface if conditions change.
I'd like to caution readers that this report doesn't predict a housing market crash, but rather indicates areas that are potentially at a higher risk of experiencing a downturn. That said, if there is a significant change in the economy (like higher-than-expected inflation, higher interest rates, or a recession) these markets could experience a decline in home prices and a surge in foreclosures.
Potential Solutions
To address the vulnerability of these housing markets in California and elsewhere, I believe there are a few things that need to be considered:
- Increased Affordable Housing Options: Developing more affordable housing options in these at-risk markets could help reduce the strain on families struggling to buy or rent.
- Job Growth and Economic Diversification: Promoting job growth in different sectors could help strengthen local economies and reduce unemployment rates.
- Improved Financial Literacy: Educating homeowners on financial matters, especially on mortgage and property management, could help them avoid falling behind on payments during challenging economic times.
- Community Support and Resources: Providing support services to struggling homeowners, such as financial counseling and foreclosure prevention programs, can assist with preventing foreclosures and potential decline in property values.
Conclusion
The housing markets in California and other parts of the nation are facing a complex set of challenges, particularly in areas where affordability is a major concern. The markets highlighted in the ATTOM report are not necessarily guaranteed to experience a decline, but it's important to understand the factors that make them more vulnerable. By monitoring these risks and taking steps to address them, communities can potentially mitigate the impact of future economic downturns and help ensure the stability of their housing markets.
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